Implemented simple object cache, and updated some fluent api invocations

QuestPDF.Examples/Engine/RenderingTest.cs

@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Examples.Engine
             return this;
         }
 
-        public RenderingTest ShowResults()
+        public RenderingTest ShowResults(bool value = true)
         {
-            ShowResult = true;
+            ShowResult = value;
             return this;
         }
         

QuestPDF.Examples/TableBenchmark.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-using System.Linq;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
 using NUnit.Framework;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
+using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Examples.Engine;
 using QuestPDF.Fluent;
 using QuestPDF.Helpers;
+using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Examples
 {
@@ -11,36 +16,77 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Examples
         [Test]
         public void Benchmark()
         {
-            RenderingTest
+            GenerateAndCollect();
-                .Create()
-                .ProducePdf()
-                .PageSize(PageSizes.A4)
-                .ShowResults()
-                .MaxPages(10_000)
-                .EnableCaching(true)
-                .EnableDebugging(false)
-                .Render(container =>
-                {
-                    container
-                        .Padding(10)
-                        .MinimalBox()
-                        .Border(1)
-                        .Table(table =>
-                        {
-                            const int numberOfRows = 100_000;
-                            const int numberOfColumns = 10;
-                            
-                            table.ColumnsDefinition(columns =>
-                            {
-                                foreach (var _ in Enumerable.Range(0, numberOfColumns))
-                                    columns.RelativeColumn();
-                            });
 
-                            foreach (var row in Enumerable.Range(0, numberOfRows))
+            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
-                            foreach (var column in Enumerable.Range(0, numberOfColumns))
+            stopwatch.Start();
-                                table.Cell().Background(Placeholders.BackgroundColor()).Padding(5).Text($"{row}_{column}");
+
-                        });
+            foreach (var _ in Enumerable.Range(0, 10000))
-                });
+            {
+                GenerateAndCollect();
+            }
+            
+            stopwatch.Stop();
+            
+            Console.WriteLine($"Execution time: {stopwatch.Elapsed:g}");
+
+            void GenerateAndCollect()
+            {
+                var container = new Container();
+                
+                container
+                    .Padding(10)
+                    .MinimalBox()
+                    .Border(1)
+                    .Column(column =>
+                    {
+                        const int numberOfRows = 100;
+                        const int numberOfColumns = 10;
+
+                        for (var y = 0; y < numberOfRows; y++)
+                        {
+                            column.Item().Row(row =>
+                            {
+                                for (var x = 0; x < numberOfColumns; x++)
+                                {
+                                    row.RelativeItem()
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Lighten5)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Lighten4)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Lighten3)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Lighten2)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Lighten1)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Medium)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Darken1)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Darken2)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Darken3)
+                                        .Padding(3)
+                                        
+                                        .Background(Colors.Red.Darken4)
+                                        .Height(3);
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }  
+                    });
+
+                ElementCacheManager.Collect(container);
+            }
         }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Drawing/DocumentGenerator.cs

@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
             var pageContext = new PageContext();
             RenderPass(pageContext, new FreeCanvas(), content, debuggingState);
             RenderPass(pageContext, canvas, content, debuggingState);
+            
+            ElementCacheManager.Collect(content);
         }
         
         internal static void RenderPass<TCanvas>(PageContext pageContext, TCanvas canvas, Container content, DebuggingState? debuggingState)
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
                 {
                     if (textBlockItem is TextBlockSpan textSpan)
                     {
-                        textSpan.Style.ApplyGlobalStyle(documentDefaultTextStyle);
+                        textSpan.Style = textSpan.Style.ApplyGlobalStyle(TextStyle.LibraryDefault);
                     }
                     else if (textBlockItem is TextBlockElement textElement)
                     {
@@ -184,18 +186,13 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
             }
 
             if (content is DynamicHost dynamicHost)
-                dynamicHost.TextStyle.ApplyGlobalStyle(documentDefaultTextStyle);
+                dynamicHost.TextStyle = dynamicHost.TextStyle.ApplyGlobalStyle(documentDefaultTextStyle);
-            
-            var targetTextStyle = documentDefaultTextStyle;
             
             if (content is DefaultTextStyle defaultTextStyleElement)
-            {
+               documentDefaultTextStyle = defaultTextStyleElement.TextStyle.ApplyGlobalStyle(documentDefaultTextStyle);
-                defaultTextStyleElement.TextStyle.ApplyParentStyle(documentDefaultTextStyle);
+
-                targetTextStyle = defaultTextStyleElement.TextStyle;
-            }
-            
             foreach (var child in content.GetChildren())
-                ApplyDefaultTextStyle(child, targetTextStyle);
+                ApplyDefaultTextStyle(child, documentDefaultTextStyle);
         }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Drawing/ElementCacheManager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
+
+namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
+{
+    internal class CircularBuffer
+    {
+        private const int BufferSize = 11_000;
+
+        private object[] Buffer = new object[BufferSize];
+        private int WriteIndex { get; set; } = 0;
+        private int ReadIndex { get; set; } = 0;
+        
+        public T Get<T>() where T : class, new()
+        {
+            lock (this)
+            {
+                if (ReadIndex == WriteIndex)
+                    return new T();
+                
+                var index = ReadIndex;
+                ReadIndex = (ReadIndex + 1) % BufferSize;
+                
+                var result = Buffer[index] as T;
+                Buffer[index] = null;
+                
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Store(object value)
+        {
+            lock (this)
+            {
+                Buffer[WriteIndex] = value;
+                WriteIndex = (WriteIndex + 1) % BufferSize;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // performance analysis:
+    // without: 115s
+    // ConcurrentQueue: 28s
+    // ConcurrentBag: 38s
+    // CircularBuffer: 30s
+    internal static class ElementCacheManager
+    {
+        private static ConcurrentDictionary<Type, ConcurrentQueue<object>> Cache { get; } = new();
+
+        public static T Get<T>() where T : class, new()
+        {
+            var buffer = Cache.GetOrAdd(typeof(T), _=> new ConcurrentQueue<object>());
+            return buffer.TryDequeue(out var result) ? result as T : new T();
+        }
+
+        public static void Store<T>(T element)
+        {
+            var buffer = Cache.GetOrAdd(element.GetType(), _=> new ConcurrentQueue<object>());
+            buffer.Enqueue(element);
+        }
+
+        public static void Collect(Element element)
+        {
+            foreach (var child in element.GetChildren())
+                Collect(child);
+
+            if (element is ICollectable collectable)
+            {
+                collectable.Collect();
+                Store(element);   
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

QuestPDF/Drawing/FontManager.cs

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
 {
     public static class FontManager
     {
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<string, FontStyleSet> StyleSets = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, FontStyleSet> StyleSets = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<object, SKFontMetrics> FontMetrics = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TextStyle, SKFontMetrics> FontMetrics = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<object, SKPaint> FontPaints = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TextStyle, SKPaint> FontPaints = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<string, SKPaint> ColorPaints = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, SKPaint> ColorPaints = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<object, Font> ShaperFonts = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TextStyle, Font> ShaperFonts = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<object, SKFont> Fonts = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TextStyle, SKFont> Fonts = new();
-        private static ConcurrentDictionary<object, TextShaper> TextShapers = new();
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TextStyle, TextShaper> TextShapers = new();
 
         static FontManager()
         {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
 
         internal static SKPaint ToPaint(this TextStyle style)
         {
-            return FontPaints.GetOrAdd(style.PaintKey, key => Convert(style));
+            return FontPaints.GetOrAdd(style, Convert);
 
             static SKPaint Convert(TextStyle style)
             {
@@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
 
         internal static SKFontMetrics ToFontMetrics(this TextStyle style)
         {
-            return FontMetrics.GetOrAdd(style.FontMetricsKey, key => style.NormalPosition().ToPaint().FontMetrics);
+            return FontMetrics.GetOrAdd(style, key => key.NormalPosition().ToPaint().FontMetrics);
         }
 
         internal static Font ToShaperFont(this TextStyle style)
         {
-            return ShaperFonts.GetOrAdd(style.PaintKey, _ =>
+            return ShaperFonts.GetOrAdd(style, key =>
             {
-                var typeface = style.ToPaint().Typeface;
+                var typeface = key.ToPaint().Typeface;
 
                 using var harfBuzzBlob = typeface.OpenStream(out var ttcIndex).ToHarfBuzzBlob();
                 
@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Drawing
         
         internal static TextShaper ToTextShaper(this TextStyle style)
         {
-            return TextShapers.GetOrAdd(style.PaintKey, _ => new TextShaper(style));
+            return TextShapers.GetOrAdd(style, key => new TextShaper(key));
         }
         
         internal static SKFont ToFont(this TextStyle style)
         {
-            return Fonts.GetOrAdd(style.PaintKey, _ => style.ToPaint().ToFont());
+            return Fonts.GetOrAdd(style, key => key.ToPaint().ToFont());
         }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Elements/Border.cs

@@ -41,5 +41,15 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
         {
             return $"Border: Top({Top}) Right({Right}) Bottom({Bottom}) Left({Left}) Color({Color})";
         }
+        
+        public override void Collect()
+        {
+            base.Collect();
+            
+            Left = 0;
+            Right = 0;
+            Bottom = 0;
+            Top = 0;
+        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Elements/Column.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
         public Position Offset { get; set; }
     }
     
-    internal class Column : Element, ICacheable, IStateResettable
+    internal class Column : Element, ICacheable, IStateResettable, ICollectable
     {
         internal List<ColumnItem> Items { get; } = new();
         internal float Spacing { get; set; }
@@ -124,5 +124,10 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
             
             return commands;
         }
+
+        public void Collect()
+        {
+            Items.Clear();
+        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Elements/Container.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
 {
     internal class Container : ContainerElement
     {
-        internal Container()
+        public Container()
         {
             
         }

QuestPDF/Elements/Dynamic.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
         private DynamicComponentProxy Child { get; }
         private object InitialComponentState { get; set; }
 
-        internal TextStyle TextStyle { get; } = new();
+        internal TextStyle TextStyle { get; set; } = TextStyle.Default;
 
         public DynamicHost(DynamicComponentProxy child)
         {

QuestPDF/Elements/Padding.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Elements
 {
-    internal class Padding : ContainerElement, ICacheable
+    internal class Padding : ContainerElement, ICacheable, ICollectable
     {
         public float Top { get; set; }
         public float Right { get; set; }
@@ -62,5 +62,15 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
         {
             return $"Padding: Top({Top}) Right({Right}) Bottom({Bottom}) Left({Left})";
         }
+        
+        public override void Collect()
+        {
+            base.Collect();
+            
+            Left = 0;
+            Right = 0;
+            Bottom = 0;
+            Top = 0;
+        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Elements/Row.cs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
         public Position Offset { get; set; }
     }
     
-    internal class Row : Element, ICacheable, IStateResettable
+    internal class Row : Element, ICacheable, IStateResettable, ICollectable
     {
         internal List<RowItem> Items { get; } = new();
         internal float Spacing { get; set; }
@@ -156,5 +156,10 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements
             
             return renderingCommands;
         }
+
+        public void Collect()
+        {
+            Items.Clear();
+        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Elements/Text/Items/TextBlockSpan.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements.Text.Items
     internal class TextBlockSpan : ITextBlockItem
     {
         public string Text { get; set; }
-        public TextStyle Style { get; set; } = new();
+        public TextStyle Style { get; set; } = TextStyle.Default;
         public TextShapingResult? TextShapingResult { get; set; }
 
         private Dictionary<(int startIndex, float availableWidth), TextMeasurementResult?> MeasureCache = new ();

QuestPDF/Elements/Text/TextBlock.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Elements.Text
 {
-    internal class TextBlock : Element, IStateResettable
+    internal class TextBlock : Element, IStateResettable, ICollectable
     {
         public HorizontalAlignment Alignment { get; set; } = HorizontalAlignment.Left;
         public List<ITextBlockItem> Items { get; set; } = new List<ITextBlockItem>();
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Elements.Text
                     RenderingQueue.Enqueue(item);
             }
         }
+        
+        public void Collect()
+        {
+            Items.Clear();
+        }
 
         internal override SpacePlan Measure(Size availableSpace)
         {

QuestPDF/Fluent/BorderExtensions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
 using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
     {
         private static IContainer Border(this IContainer element, Action<Border> handler)
         {
-            var border = element as Border ?? new Border();
+            var border = element as Border ?? ElementCacheManager.Get<Border>();
             handler(border);
             
             return element.Element(border);

QuestPDF/Fluent/ColumnExtensions.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 using System;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
 using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
+using Container = System.ComponentModel.Container;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 {
     public class ColumnDescriptor
     {
-        internal Column Column { get; } = new();
+        internal Column Column { get; set; }
 
         public void Spacing(float value, Unit unit = Unit.Point)
         {
@@ -15,14 +17,9 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public IContainer Item()
         {
-            var container = new Container();
+            var columnItem = ElementCacheManager.Get<ColumnItem>();
-            
+            Column.Items.Add(columnItem);
-            Column.Items.Add(new ColumnItem
+            return columnItem;
-            {
-                Child = container
-            });
-            
-            return container;
         }
     }
     
@@ -36,7 +33,8 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public static void Column(this IContainer element, Action<ColumnDescriptor> handler)
         {
-            var descriptor = new ColumnDescriptor();
+            var descriptor = ElementCacheManager.Get<ColumnDescriptor>();
+            descriptor.Column = ElementCacheManager.Get<Column>();
             handler(descriptor);
             element.Element(descriptor.Column);
         }

QuestPDF/Fluent/ElementExtensions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
 using QuestPDF.Drawing.Exceptions;
 using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
@@ -52,10 +53,10 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 
         public static IContainer Background(this IContainer element, string color)
         {
-            return element.Element(new Background
+            var background = ElementCacheManager.Get<Background>();
-            {
+            background.Color = color;
-                Color = color
+
-            });
+            return element.Element(background);
         }
 
         public static void Placeholder(this IContainer element, string? text = null)
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public static IContainer MinimalBox(this IContainer element)
         {
-            return element.Element(new MinimalBox());
+            return element.Element(ElementCacheManager.Get<MinimalBox>());
         }
         
         public static IContainer Unconstrained(this IContainer element)

QuestPDF/Fluent/PaddingExtensions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
 using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
     { 
         private static IContainer Padding(this IContainer element, Action<Padding> handler)
         {
-            var padding = element as Padding ?? new Padding();
+            var padding = element as Padding ?? ElementCacheManager.Get<Padding>();
             handler(padding);
             
             return element.Element(padding);

QuestPDF/Fluent/RowExtensions.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
 using QuestPDF.Elements;
 using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 {
     public class RowDescriptor
     {
-        internal Row Row { get; } = new();
+        internal Row Row { get; set; } 
 
         public void Spacing(float value)
         {
@@ -15,14 +16,12 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 
         private IContainer Item(RowItemType type, float size = 0)
         {
-            var element = new RowItem
+            var rowItem = ElementCacheManager.Get<RowItem>();
-            {
+            rowItem.Type = type;
-                Type = type,
+            rowItem.Size = size;
-                Size = size
-            };
             
-            Row.Items.Add(element);
+            Row.Items.Add(rowItem);
-            return element;
+            return rowItem;
         }
         
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.2. Please use the RelativeItem method.")]
@@ -57,9 +56,12 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
     {
         public static void Row(this IContainer element, Action<RowDescriptor> handler)
         {
-            var descriptor = new RowDescriptor();
+            var descriptor = ElementCacheManager.Get<RowDescriptor>();
+            descriptor.Row = ElementCacheManager.Get<Row>();
+            
             handler(descriptor);
             element.Element(descriptor.Row);
+            ElementCacheManager.Store(descriptor);
         }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Fluent/TextExtensions.cs

@@ -12,11 +12,18 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 {
     public class TextSpanDescriptor
     {
-        internal TextStyle TextStyle { get; }
+        internal TextStyle TextStyle = TextStyle.Default;
+        internal Action<TextStyle> AssignTextStyle { get; }
 
-        internal TextSpanDescriptor(TextStyle textStyle)
+        internal TextSpanDescriptor(Action<TextStyle> assignTextStyle)
         {
-            TextStyle = textStyle;
+            AssignTextStyle = assignTextStyle;
+        }
+
+        internal void MutateTextStyle(Func<TextStyle, TextStyle> handler)
+        {
+            TextStyle = handler(TextStyle);
+            AssignTextStyle(TextStyle);
         }
     }
 
@@ -24,16 +31,16 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
     
     public class TextPageNumberDescriptor : TextSpanDescriptor
     {
-        internal PageNumberFormatter FormatFunction { get; private set; } = x => x?.ToString() ?? string.Empty;
+        internal Action<PageNumberFormatter> AssignFormatFunction { get; }
-
+        
-        internal TextPageNumberDescriptor(TextStyle textStyle) : base(textStyle)
+        internal TextPageNumberDescriptor(Action<TextStyle> assignTextStyle, Action<PageNumberFormatter> assignFormatFunction) : base(assignTextStyle)
         {
-            
+            AssignFormatFunction = assignFormatFunction;
         }
 
         public TextPageNumberDescriptor Format(PageNumberFormatter formatter)
         {
-            FormatFunction = formatter ?? FormatFunction;
+            AssignFormatFunction(formatter);
             return this;
         }
     }
@@ -41,7 +48,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
     public class TextDescriptor
     {
         private ICollection<TextBlock> TextBlocks { get; } = new List<TextBlock>();
-        private TextStyle DefaultStyle { get; set; } = TextStyle.Default;
+        private TextStyle? DefaultStyle { get; set; }
         internal HorizontalAlignment Alignment { get; set; } = HorizontalAlignment.Left;
         private float Spacing { get; set; } = 0f;
 
@@ -91,19 +98,15 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public TextSpanDescriptor Span(string? text)
         {
-            var style = DefaultStyle.Clone();
-            var descriptor = new TextSpanDescriptor(style);
-
             if (text == null)
-                return descriptor;
+                return new TextSpanDescriptor(_ => { });
  
             var items = text
                 .Replace("\r", string.Empty)
                 .Split(new[] { '\n' }, StringSplitOptions.None)
                 .Select(x => new TextBlockSpan
                 {
-                    Text = x,
+                    Text = x
-                    Style = style
                 })
                 .ToList();
 
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
                 .ToList()
                 .ForEach(TextBlocks.Add);
 
-            return descriptor;
+            return new TextSpanDescriptor(x => items.ForEach(y => y.Style = x));
         }
 
         public TextSpanDescriptor Line(string? text)
@@ -134,16 +137,10 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         private TextPageNumberDescriptor PageNumber(Func<IPageContext, int?> pageNumber)
         {
-            var style = DefaultStyle.Clone();
+            var textBlockItem = new TextBlockPageNumber();
-            var descriptor = new TextPageNumberDescriptor(style);
+            AddItemToLastTextBlock(textBlockItem);
             
-            AddItemToLastTextBlock(new TextBlockPageNumber
+            return new TextPageNumberDescriptor(x => textBlockItem.Style = x, x => textBlockItem.Source = context => x(pageNumber(context)));
-            {
-                Source = context => descriptor.FormatFunction(pageNumber(context)),
-                Style = style
-            });
-            
-            return descriptor;
         }
 
         public TextPageNumberDescriptor CurrentPageNumber()
@@ -187,20 +184,17 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
             if (IsNullOrEmpty(sectionName))
                 throw new ArgumentException("Section name cannot be null or empty", nameof(sectionName));
 
-            var style = DefaultStyle.Clone();
-            var descriptor = new TextSpanDescriptor(style);
-            
             if (IsNullOrEmpty(text))
-                return descriptor;
+                return new TextSpanDescriptor(_ => { });
-            
+
-            AddItemToLastTextBlock(new TextBlockSectionLink
+            var textBlockItem = new TextBlockSectionLink
             {
-                Style = style,
                 Text = text,
                 SectionName = sectionName
-            });
+            };
 
-            return descriptor;
+            AddItemToLastTextBlock(textBlockItem);
+            return new TextSpanDescriptor(x => textBlockItem.Style = x);
         }
         
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.3. Please use the SectionLink method.")]
@@ -214,20 +208,17 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
             if (IsNullOrEmpty(url))
                 throw new ArgumentException("Url cannot be null or empty", nameof(url));
 
-            var style = DefaultStyle.Clone();
-            var descriptor = new TextSpanDescriptor(style);
-
             if (IsNullOrEmpty(text))
-                return descriptor;
+                return new TextSpanDescriptor(_ => { });
             
-            AddItemToLastTextBlock(new TextBlockHyperlink
+            var textBlockItem = new TextBlockHyperlink
             {
-                Style = style,
                 Text = text,
                 Url = url
-            });
+            };
 
-            return descriptor;
+            AddItemToLastTextBlock(textBlockItem);
+            return new TextSpanDescriptor(x => textBlockItem.Style = x);
         }
         
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.3. Please use the Hyperlink method.")]
@@ -251,7 +242,9 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         internal void Compose(IContainer container)
         {
             TextBlocks.ToList().ForEach(x => x.Alignment = Alignment);
-            container = container.DefaultTextStyle(DefaultStyle);
+            
+            if (DefaultStyle != null)
+                container = container.DefaultTextStyle(DefaultStyle);
 
             if (TextBlocks.Count == 1)
             {

QuestPDF/Fluent/TextSpanDescriptorExtensions.cs

@@ -11,120 +11,124 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
             if (style == null)
                 return descriptor;
             
-            descriptor.TextStyle.OverrideStyle(style);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.OverrideStyle(style));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T FontColor<T>(this T descriptor, string value) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.Color = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.FontColor(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T BackgroundColor<T>(this T descriptor, string value) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.BackgroundColor = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.BackgroundColor(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T FontFamily<T>(this T descriptor, string value) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.FontFamily = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.FontFamily(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T FontSize<T>(this T descriptor, float value) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.Size = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.FontSize(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T LineHeight<T>(this T descriptor, float value) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.LineHeight = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.LineHeight(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Italic<T>(this T descriptor, bool value = true) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.IsItalic = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Italic(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Strikethrough<T>(this T descriptor, bool value = true) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.HasStrikethrough = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Strikethrough(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Underline<T>(this T descriptor, bool value = true) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.HasUnderline = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Underline(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
 
         public static T WrapAnywhere<T>(this T descriptor, bool value = true) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.WrapAnywhere = value;
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.WrapAnywhere(value));
             return descriptor;
         }
 
         #region Weight
         
-        public static T Weight<T>(this T descriptor, FontWeight weight) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
-        {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.FontWeight = weight;
-            return descriptor;
-        }
-        
         public static T Thin<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Thin);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Thin());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T ExtraLight<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.ExtraLight);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.ExtraLight());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Light<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Light);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Light());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T NormalWeight<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Normal);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.NormalWeight());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Medium<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Medium);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Medium());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T SemiBold<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.SemiBold);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.SemiBold());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Bold<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Bold);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Bold());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T ExtraBold<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.ExtraBold);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.ExtraBold());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T Black<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.Black);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Black());
+            return descriptor;
         }
         
         public static T ExtraBlack<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Weight(FontWeight.ExtraBlack);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.ExtraBlack());
+            return descriptor;
         }
 
         #endregion
@@ -132,24 +136,22 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         #region Position
         public static T NormalPosition<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Position(FontPosition.Normal);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.NormalPosition());
+            return descriptor;
         }
 
         public static T Subscript<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Position(FontPosition.Subscript);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Subscript());
+            return descriptor;
         }
 
         public static T Superscript<T>(this T descriptor) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
         {
-            return descriptor.Position(FontPosition.Superscript);
+            descriptor.MutateTextStyle(x => x.Superscript());
-        }
-
-        private static T Position<T>(this T descriptor, FontPosition fontPosition) where T : TextSpanDescriptor
-        {
-            descriptor.TextStyle.FontPosition = fontPosition;
             return descriptor;
         }
+        
         #endregion
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Fluent/TextStyleExtensions.cs

@@ -4,16 +4,10 @@ using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 {
+    
+    
     public static class TextStyleExtensions
     {
-        private static TextStyle Mutate(this TextStyle style, Action<TextStyle> handler)
-        {
-            style = style.Clone();
-            
-            handler(style);
-            return style;
-        }
-        
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.3. Please use the FontColor method.")]
         public static TextStyle Color(this TextStyle style, string value)
         {
@@ -22,12 +16,12 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public static TextStyle FontColor(this TextStyle style, string value)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.Color = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.Color, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle BackgroundColor(this TextStyle style, string value)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.BackgroundColor = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.BackgroundColor, value);
         }
         
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.3. Please use the FontFamily method.")]
@@ -38,7 +32,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public static TextStyle FontFamily(this TextStyle style, string value)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.FontFamily = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.FontFamily, value);
         }
         
         [Obsolete("This element has been renamed since version 2022.3. Please use the FontSize method.")]
@@ -49,39 +43,39 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
         
         public static TextStyle FontSize(this TextStyle style, float value)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.Size = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.Size, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle LineHeight(this TextStyle style, float value)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.LineHeight = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.LineHeight, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle Italic(this TextStyle style, bool value = true)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.IsItalic = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.IsItalic, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle Strikethrough(this TextStyle style, bool value = true)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.HasStrikethrough = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.HasStrikethrough, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle Underline(this TextStyle style, bool value = true)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.HasUnderline = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.HasUnderline, value);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle WrapAnywhere(this TextStyle style, bool value = true)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.WrapAnywhere = value);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.WrapAnywhere, value);
         }
 
         #region Weight
         
         public static TextStyle Weight(this TextStyle style, FontWeight weight)
         {
-            return style.Mutate(x => x.FontWeight = weight);
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.FontWeight, weight);
         }
         
         public static TextStyle Thin(this TextStyle style)
@@ -154,10 +148,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Fluent
 
         private static TextStyle Position(this TextStyle style, FontPosition fontPosition)
         {
-            if (style.FontPosition == fontPosition)
+            return style.Mutate(TextStyleProperty.FontPosition, fontPosition);
-                return style;
-
-            return style.Mutate(t => t.FontPosition = fontPosition);
         }
         #endregion
     }

QuestPDF/Infrastructure/ContainerElement.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using QuestPDF.Elements;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
 {
-    internal abstract class ContainerElement : Element, IContainer
+    internal abstract class ContainerElement : Element, IContainer, ICollectable
     {
         internal Element? Child { get; set; } = Empty.Instance;
 
@@ -34,5 +34,10 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
         {
             Child?.Draw(availableSpace);
         }
+
+        public virtual void Collect()
+        {
+            Child = default;
+        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Infrastructure/ICollectable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
+{
+    public interface ICollectable
+    {
+        void Collect();
+    }
+}

QuestPDF/Infrastructure/TextStyle.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ using QuestPDF.Helpers;
 
 namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
 {
-    public class TextStyle
+    public record TextStyle
     {
-        internal bool HasGlobalStyleApplied { get; private set; }
-        
         internal string? Color { get; set; }
         internal string? BackgroundColor { get; set; }
         internal string? FontFamily { get; set; }
@@ -19,13 +17,7 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
         internal bool? HasUnderline { get; set; }
         internal bool? WrapAnywhere { get; set; }
 
-        internal object PaintKey { get; private set; }
+        internal static TextStyle LibraryDefault { get; } = new()
-        internal object FontMetricsKey { get; private set; }
-        
-        // REVIEW: Should this be a method call that news up a TextStyle,
-        // or can it be a static variable?
-        // (style mutations seem to create a clone anyway)
-        internal static readonly TextStyle LibraryDefault = new TextStyle
         {
             Color = Colors.Black,
             BackgroundColor = Colors.Transparent,
@@ -40,56 +32,6 @@ namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
             WrapAnywhere = false
         };
 
-        // it is important to create new instances for the DefaultTextStyle element to work correctly
+        public static TextStyle Default { get; } = new();
-        public static TextStyle Default => new TextStyle();
-        
-        internal void ApplyGlobalStyle(TextStyle globalStyle)
-        {
-            if (HasGlobalStyleApplied)
-                return;
-            
-            HasGlobalStyleApplied = true;
-
-            ApplyParentStyle(globalStyle);
-            PaintKey ??= (FontFamily, Size, FontWeight, FontPosition, IsItalic, Color);
-            FontMetricsKey ??= (FontFamily, Size, FontWeight, IsItalic);
-        }
-        
-        internal void ApplyParentStyle(TextStyle parentStyle)
-        {
-            Color ??= parentStyle.Color;
-            BackgroundColor ??= parentStyle.BackgroundColor;
-            FontFamily ??= parentStyle.FontFamily;
-            Size ??= parentStyle.Size;
-            LineHeight ??= parentStyle.LineHeight;
-            FontWeight ??= parentStyle.FontWeight;
-            FontPosition ??= parentStyle.FontPosition;
-            IsItalic ??= parentStyle.IsItalic;
-            HasStrikethrough ??= parentStyle.HasStrikethrough;
-            HasUnderline ??= parentStyle.HasUnderline;
-            WrapAnywhere ??= parentStyle.WrapAnywhere;
-        }
-
-        internal void OverrideStyle(TextStyle parentStyle)
-        {
-            Color = parentStyle.Color ?? Color;
-            BackgroundColor = parentStyle.BackgroundColor ?? BackgroundColor;
-            FontFamily = parentStyle.FontFamily ?? FontFamily;
-            Size = parentStyle.Size ?? Size;
-            LineHeight = parentStyle.LineHeight ?? LineHeight;
-            FontWeight = parentStyle.FontWeight ?? FontWeight;
-            FontPosition = parentStyle.FontPosition ?? FontPosition;
-            IsItalic = parentStyle.IsItalic ?? IsItalic;
-            HasStrikethrough = parentStyle.HasStrikethrough ?? HasStrikethrough;
-            HasUnderline = parentStyle.HasUnderline ?? HasUnderline;
-            WrapAnywhere = parentStyle.WrapAnywhere ?? WrapAnywhere;
-        }
-        
-        internal TextStyle Clone()
-        {
-            var clone = (TextStyle)MemberwiseClone();
-            clone.HasGlobalStyleApplied = false;
-            return clone;
-        }
     }
 }

QuestPDF/Infrastructure/TextStyleManager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using QuestPDF.Fluent;
+
+namespace QuestPDF.Infrastructure
+{
+    internal enum TextStyleProperty
+    {
+        Color,
+        BackgroundColor,
+        FontFamily,
+        Size,
+        LineHeight,
+        FontWeight,
+        FontPosition,
+        IsItalic,
+        HasStrikethrough,
+        HasUnderline,
+        WrapAnywhere
+    }
+    
+    internal static class TextStyleManager
+    {
+        public static ConcurrentDictionary<(TextStyle origin, TextStyleProperty property, object value), TextStyle> TextStyleMutateCache = new();
+        public static ConcurrentDictionary<(TextStyle origin, TextStyle parent, bool overrideValue), TextStyle> TextStyleApplyCache = new();
+
+        public static TextStyle Mutate(this TextStyle origin, TextStyleProperty property, object value)
+        {
+            var cacheKey = (origin, property, value);
+            return TextStyleMutateCache.GetOrAdd(cacheKey, x => MutateStyle(x.origin, x.property, x.value));
+        }
+
+        private static TextStyle MutateStyle(TextStyle origin, TextStyleProperty property, object value, bool overrideValue = true)
+        {
+            if (overrideValue && value == null)
+                return origin;
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.Color)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.Color != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (string?)value;
+
+                if (origin.Color == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { Color = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.BackgroundColor)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.BackgroundColor != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (string?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.BackgroundColor == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { BackgroundColor = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.FontFamily)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.FontFamily != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (string?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.FontFamily == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { FontFamily = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.Size)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.Size != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (float?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.Size == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { Size = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.LineHeight)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.LineHeight != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (float?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.LineHeight == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { LineHeight = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.FontWeight)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.FontWeight != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (FontWeight?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.FontWeight == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { FontWeight = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.FontPosition)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.FontPosition != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (FontPosition?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.FontPosition == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { FontPosition = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.IsItalic)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.IsItalic != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (bool?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.IsItalic == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { IsItalic = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.HasStrikethrough)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.HasStrikethrough != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (bool?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.HasStrikethrough == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { HasStrikethrough = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.HasUnderline)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.HasUnderline != null)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                var castedValue = (bool?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.HasUnderline == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+
+                return origin with { HasUnderline = castedValue };
+            }
+            
+            if (property == TextStyleProperty.WrapAnywhere)
+            {
+                if (!overrideValue && origin.WrapAnywhere != null)
+                    return origin;
+
+                var castedValue = (bool?)value;
+                
+                if (origin.WrapAnywhere == castedValue)
+                    return origin;
+                
+                return origin with { WrapAnywhere = castedValue };
+            }
+
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(property), property, "Expected to mutate the TextStyle object. Provided property type is not supported.");
+        }
+        
+        internal static TextStyle ApplyGlobalStyle(this TextStyle style, TextStyle parent)
+        {
+            var cacheKey = (style, parent, false);
+            return TextStyleApplyCache.GetOrAdd(cacheKey, key => ApplyStyle(key.origin, key.parent, key.overrideValue));
+        }
+        
+        internal static TextStyle OverrideStyle(this TextStyle style, TextStyle parent)
+        {
+            var cacheKey = (style, parent, true);
+            return TextStyleApplyCache.GetOrAdd(cacheKey, key => ApplyStyle(key.origin, key.parent, key.overrideValue));
+        }
+        
+        private static TextStyle ApplyStyle(TextStyle style, TextStyle parent, bool overrideValue)
+        {
+            var result = style;
+
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.Color, parent.Color, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.BackgroundColor, parent.BackgroundColor, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.FontFamily, parent.FontFamily, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.Size, parent.Size, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.LineHeight, parent.LineHeight, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.FontWeight, parent.FontWeight, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.FontPosition, parent.FontPosition, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.IsItalic, parent.IsItalic, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.HasStrikethrough, parent.HasStrikethrough, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.HasUnderline, parent.HasUnderline, overrideValue);
+            result = MutateStyle(result, TextStyleProperty.WrapAnywhere, parent.WrapAnywhere, overrideValue);
+            
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}